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Microsoft

Reload inaccessible or invalid VM’s with this PowerCLI one-liner

by Philip Sellers June 3, 2013

written by Philip Sellers

Can I let you in on a secret? Although I blog to help others through my own experiences and troubleshooting, one of the other things I do is use my blog as my own personal knowledge base. Once I’ve hit something, if I blog it, its there for me as much as you…

One of the problems I have run into several times are “inaccessible” or “invalid” VM in vCenter after a storage outage. The only solution that I had found was cumbersome. I had to unregister the VM from vCenter, browse to the appropriate datastore (which is more difficult today with storage pools obfuscating view), then locate the VMX file and register again. While it works, its neither elegant nor fast.

But, thanks to Matt Vogt’s and Mike Letschin’s research and blog post, there is a much more acceptable solution to recover from this. Matt’s post focuses on NFS storage, but from my personal experiences, its possible with a Fibre Channel outage and iSCSI, too. If you have a storage outage and then discover “inaccessible” or “invalid” VMs, you can try the reload function through PowerCLI. For the full details, check out Matt’s blog on the topic.

Matt links to a French language blog, hypervisor.fr, and I really like the PowerCLI one-liner that I found there. It was quick and effective to reload the VM’s.

[code lang=”powershell”](Get-View -ViewType VirtualMachine) |?{$_.Runtime.ConnectionState -eq "invalid" -or $_.Runtime.ConnectionState -eq "inaccessible"} |%{$_.reload()}[/code]

June 3, 2013 1 comment

Datacenter Software Storage Virtualization

3PAR StorServ 7000 series best practices for vSphere 5.1

by Philip Sellers April 22, 2013

written by Philip Sellers

This is part 4 in a multi-part series about 3PAR arrays from an EVA Administrator’s point of view – and specifically here, for the VMware Administrator, too. Running 3PAR StorServ with vSphere 5.1 comes with a short list of best practices from HP, which is great since VMware ESXi does most of the work for you. The best practices for EVA are the same as the best practices for 3PAR StorServ, except the IOPS count. In summary, the best practices are:

In 3PAR Management Console, set the host persona to host persona 11/VMware if running 3PAR OS 3.1.2 or later, which ships with the StorServ 7000 series arrays.
Set the default VMware Path Selection Policy (PSP) to VMW_PSP_RR.

Set the default VMware Storage Array Type Plugin (SATP) to VMW_SATP_ALUA.
Set the IOPS value for 3PAR data LUNs to a value of 100.

Create a Host Persona for the ESXi server

Using the 3PAR OS CLI, log into your 3PAR array and you will need to create a host where you can export your storage. Since this post focuses on the 3PAR StorServ 7000 series, these units ship with OS 3.1.2, so you should use host persona 11 – the VMware ALUA persona. 3PAR OS 3.1.2 includes support for asymmetric logical unit access (ALUA) and the host persona 11/VMware and new ESXi hosts should use this persona according to the HP 3PAR VMware ESX Implementation Guide, revision March 2013.

[sourcecode]createhost -persona 11 ESXiHostName WWN/iSCSI_Port_ID1 WWN/iSCSI_Port_ID2[/sourcecode]

With a host created in the 3PAR, you can now export Virtual Volumes (VV) to hosts. But before you export any LUNs from the 3PAR, you will want to configure your ESXi hosts with a default storage array type plugin and path selection policy.

Set the default SATP to VMW_SATP_ALUA and PSP to VMW_PSP_RR

With 3PAR OS 3.1.2 using host persona 11/VMware in your hosts objects on the 3PAR array, the array supports ALUA and we should set your storage type array plugin (SATP) to match by default in VMware – otherwise, you have to set this setting on each LUN presented/exported. In addition, the recommended path selection policy (PSP) is Round Robin. Most Recently Used (MRU) is also acceptable, but not the optimal path selection policy. To set this on your ESXi hosts, use the esxcli below. (If you haven’t used vSphere CLI/esxcli – see this blog post at VMware for some tips on how to provide credentials).

[sourcecode]esxcli storage nmp satp set -s VMW_SATP_ALUA -P VMW_PSP_RR[/sourcecode]

For anyone wanting a way to accomplish this in PowerCLI, you should check out Jonathan Medd’s post adapting the esxcli command to PowerCLI. If you have storage that was presented prior to setting the default, you will need to go through and set these LUNs to Round Robin from MRU, which is the out-of-box default.

[sourcecode]Get-VMHost | Get-ScsiLun -CanonicalName "naa.600*" | Set-ScsiLun -MultipathPolicy "roundrobin"[/sourcecode]

You will also need to create a custom rule to set the IOPS value on each LUN added.

[sourcecode]esxcli storage nmp satp rule add -s "VMW_SATP_ALUA" -P "VMW_PSP_RR" -O iops=100 -c "tpgs_on" -V "3PARdata" -M "VV" -e "HP 3PAR Custom iSCSI/FC/FCoE ALUA Rule"[/sourcecode]

Now for the same in PowerShell, here’s a short group of commands to accomplish the same. First, you have to connect directly to a ESX host and to a vCenter instance. Second, issue these:

[sourcecode lang=”powershell”]Connect-VIServer -Server [servername]
$esxcli = Get-EsxCli
$esxcli.storage.nmp.device.list() | where {$_.device -like "naa.600*"} | %{
$configBefore = $esxcli.storage.nmp.psp.roundrobin.deviceconfig.get($_.device)
$esxcli.storage.nmp.psp.roundrobin.deviceconfig.set(0, 1, $_.device, [long]100, "iops", $false)
$configAfter = $esxcli.storage.nmp.psp.roundrobin.deviceconfig.get($_.device)
# Uncomment the following lines if you want to report the settings
# $configBefore
# $configAfter
}[/sourcecode]

Lastly, in earlier versions of 3PAR OS, you needed to add a plugin for VAAI to ESXi in order to gain the benefits of VAAI – offloading processes directly to the array from the ESXi host. With 3PAR OS 3.1.1, it is no longer needed –

HP 3PAR VAAI Plug 2.2.0 should not be installed on the ESXi 5.x if connected to an HP 3PAR StoreServ Storage running HP 3PAR OS 3.1.1 or later, because the VAAI primitives are handled by the default T10 VMware plugin and do not require the HP 3PAR VAAI plugin.

Supporting best practices for multiple storage systems in a single VMware environment can be tough, but in my experience supporting both EVA and 3PAR in the same environment is very simple and straight forward if you’re using 3PAR OS 3.1.2. As another tip, Host Profiles work well for picking up SAN settings on a single host and applying them again the other nodes in the cluster. If you boot from SAN, you may have to go into a profile and disable some settings specific to boot LUNs on a host, but otherwise, the storage settings from the host profile should work well for replicating settings.

April 22, 2013 0 comments

Datacenter PowerCLI Storage Virtualization

PowerCLI One-liners for Storage Problems

by Philip Sellers February 11, 2013

written by Philip Sellers

Automation has been a huge part of my recent learning curve. I’ve spend a considerable amount of time working with tools to decrease my manual administration time within our VMware environment. One tool is vCenter Orchestrator and the other is trusty old PowerCLI.

In the process, I’ve found myself increasingly spending more time with PowerCLI to do my daily job. PowerCLI has really changed how I administer and maintain my VMware farms and how I script and easily address issues in the environments. For any repeated task, there is usually a quick one or two line PowerCLI command to handle it. The following are a list of my handy scripts and one-liners for storage issues. I hope you find them useful.

Bulk Storage vMotions

You can certainly do storage vMotions in the GUI – but its so much more fun from the command line and more efficient in my opinion. Say you’re moving everything from one LUN to another for maintenance or migration – script it, like below:

[sourcecode language=”powershell”]Get-VM -Datastore <SourceDatastore1> | Move-VM -Datastore <TargetDatastore> -runasync[/sourcecode]

It is way to easy to move all of your VMs in one line than manually move them one by one. Maintain your sanity with this one-liner!

Find RDMs in your environment

This process will find any RDMs in your environment. I’ve found it useful as we attempt to phase out use of RDMs.

[sourcecode language=”powershell”]Get-VM | Get-HardDisk -DiskType "RawPhysical","RawVirtual" | Select Parent,Name,ScsiCanonicalName,DiskType[/sourcecode]

Cleanup Backup Snapshots

A common problem in our environment are “Consolidate” snapshots that our backup process leaves behind. Find and irradicate those with this quick command:

[sourcecode language=”powershell”]Get-VM | Sort Name | Get-Snapshot | Where { $_.Name.Contains(“Consolidate”) } | Remove-Snapshot[/sourcecode]

Find Lost or Unknown Snapshots

Our backup process also seems to leave behind orphaned snapshots, snapshots vCenter or ESX no longer knows about. vCenter sees the VM in linked-clone mode, where the VMX file points to a snapshot VMDK instead of the original parent.

VMs in linked clone mode prevents storage vMotion, so they can be very problematic. The following one-liner compares a list of known VMware snapshots with a list of all VMs with VMDK files pointing to snapshot VMDKs. The resulting list is a list of target VMs to be cleaned up.

[sourcecode language=”powershell”]Compare-Object $(Get-VM | SORT | Get-Harddisk | WHERE { $_.Filename -like "*0000*" } | SELECT @{Name="VM";Expression={$_.Parent}} | Get-Unique -asstring) $(Get-VM | Get-Snapshot | SELECT VM | Get-Unique -asstring) -Property VM[/sourcecode]

Repair Lost or Unknown Snapshots

Knowing is only half the battle. While technically not a one-liner, the following routine will take the list you created with the one-liner above and merge those linked clones back together. Trolling the VMware Communities forums, I found that if you create a new snapshot and then remove all snapshots on VMs in this unknown snapshot mode, VMware rediscovers the ‘lost’ snapshot and will indeed remove them. That’s the gist of what this routine does:

[sourcecode language=”powershell”]$TARGETS = Compare-Object $(Get-VM | SORT | Get-Harddisk | WHERE { $_.Filename -like "*0000*" } | SELECT @{Name="VM";Expression={$_.Parent}} | Get-Unique -asstring) $(Get-VM | Get-Snapshot | SELECT VM | Get-Unique -asstring) -Property VM
FOREACH ($TARGET in $TARGETS) {
new-snapshot -Name "SnapCleanup" -VM $TARGET.VM
}
FOREACH ($TARGET in $TARGETS) {
write $TARGET.VM.Name
get-snapshot -VM $TARGET.VM | remove-snapshot -Confirm:$false
}[/sourcecode]

Wallpaper

For anyone looking for wallpaper for their office or cube, I’d suggest a PowerCLI Cmdlet Poster – version 4.1 here or version 5.1 here. I have one in my cube and I find it handy for a quick reference for cmdlets.

February 11, 2013 0 comments

Datacenter Software

Resolving errors running SharePoint 2013 App Store behind a proxy

by Philip Sellers December 7, 2012

written by Philip Sellers

First Impressions

SharePoint 2013 Modern User Interface

I have been playing with the final release copy of SharePoint 2013 to get my feet wet and learn the new environment. The default style for 2013 is the Metro/Modern user interface layered onto a web application. It’s approachable and welcoming, as opposed to earlier version of SharePoint which felt foreign and different from every other web application or CMS I had ever used. The ribbon is still there in 2013, though its muted in many ways and only appears when needed.

One of the more interesting things added in SharePoint 2013 is the App Store or Marketplace. Microsoft has built a streamlined way to add plugin-style functionality to SharePoint while hosting them in a separate namespace either locally or in the cloud. This addition helps to fill in functionality needs for customers while providing a clean and easy way to add the functionality to a vanilla SharePoint installation.

After installing a demo copy of SharePoint 2013 at home, I was able to see the Microsoft hosted App Store at office.com from this install, but I wasn’t able to fully configure it for my demo without my own DNS running. So, I proceeded with a lab install at work and found the office.com pages would not render behind my corporate proxy like they did at home.

Proxy Server Causes Issues with the App Store & the Solution

Users who are installing SharePoint 2013 behind a proxy server are going to see out of the box issues with the App Store functionality issues until they resolve proxy configuration. The solution is actually quite simple, though not documented anywhere that I could find.

General Troubleshooting

The first step is to get an idea of why the app store was failing to display data. To get a better idea, I turned on diagnostic logging as detailed in the Microsoft TechNet article, Configure diagnostic logging in SharePoint 2013. I found the PowerShell commands the easiest way to set this up. Once you have setup a logging location, restart IIS, open the App Store location and attempt to add an online web app from the Office Online Store. After you see the failure, open the log file and trace the errors surrounding the call to the App Store URL. Searching for office.microsoft.com was an easy to to find it in my testing.

Fixing the Problem

To set the proxy configuration for each of your web application, you will need to make changes in the web.config in the root of each IIS website. In the web.config, you will need to change:

[code]<system.net>
<defaultProxy />
</system.net>[/code]

[code]<system.net>
<defaultProxy useDefaultCredentials="false">
<proxy usesystemdefault="True" proxyaddress="http://proxyserver:8080" bypassonlocal="True" />
</defaultProxy>
</system.net>[/code]

SharePoint Store

or something similar based on your settings. This will enable the web application to be directed out the proxy server when trying to retrieve your web content to display.

I tried setting proxy settings for the IIS service account, the system default and other methods, but it wasn’t until defining it in web.config that I was able to resolve the issues.

Once these settings were in place, we got a happy SharePoint Store to browse and add from.

December 7, 2012 1 comment

Virtualization

VMware Update Manager downloads fail for Windows Updates

by Philip Sellers July 5, 2012

written by Philip Sellers

Update: VMware has published a KB article related to this issue. It is available at http://kb.vmware.com/kb/2018897.

Several months ago, our VMware Update Manager simply stopped updating from its Shavlik repository. It seemed to only affect Windows patches being downloaded and the VMware patches continued without any issues. After a few months of troubleshooting with VMware support, a resolution was located and implemented in our environment and its a pretty simple solution.

Problem background

For a bit of background, the primary issue we noticed is that when trying to download updates from the repository, I received a generic error “Cannot download patch definitions” in the vCenter tasks. After looking into it, I found that if I unchecked the Windows patch option in the Patch Download Settings section of Update Manager’s configuration tab, the error would not appear. It was only when Windows patches were enabled that the error happened.

I uninstalled and reinstalled Update Manager against the same database and reinstalled a second time with a new database. Neither of these steps fixed the problem and so I opened a case with VMware support.

With support, I began digging into the log files for Update Manager and found more details in the files. We noticed the Update Manager would pull down a .cab file from the Shavlik servers. After the successful download, Update Manager immediately logged an error, “Error downloading new Windows updates: Cannot de-obfuscate Shavlik metadata file.” Although the error gives a little more detail, it still wasn’t enough to point to a concrete cause. It took VMware a couple of months, but finally, a simple solution was found.

The Solution

The issue is due to an untrusted certificate associated with the signed .cab file being downloaded. Since the file is digitally signed, the untrusted certificate was causing the issue. At some point earlier this year, the Shavlik Windows patches began using a new Verisign certificate that was not installed on my Windows Server 2008 server (not R2). To fix the problem, follow these steps:

Using Firefox (a VMware recommendation), download the following cabinet file: https://xml.shavlik.com/data/pd5.cab

Right click the pd5.cab file and go to Properties.
Go to the Digital Signatures tab, click on the name of the signer, which should be Shavlik Technologies, and click the Details button.
The Digital Signature Details window will appear. Click the View Certificate button.

The Certificate window will appear. Go to the Certification Path tab. Go to the root Verisign certificate and make sure that the Certificate status says “This certificate is OK.”
Click the certificate labeled “Verisign Class 3 Code Signing 2010 CA” and click View Certificate. Ensure that this certificate is valid and trusted. Click the Install Certificate button and the Certificate Import Wizard will appear.
Click Next and choose the Place all certificates into the following store option. Click Browse and select the Trusted Root Certification Authorities store. Click Next and then click Finish.

At this point, the missing trusted CA certificate is installed and your download process should begin working again. In my environment, Update Manager is running under original Windows Server 2008 version and not under the 2008 R2 version. I suspect many people have vCenter and Update Manager running on Windows Server 2008 R2, which may not encounter this issue (I am not sure). VMware Support indicated that a KB article will be published for this issue. I will try to followup and link it once it is published.

July 5, 2012 2 comments

Datacenter Storage

HP Discover 2012: Decrease time to value with HP AppSystem solutions

by Philip Sellers June 5, 2012

written by Philip Sellers

Five click and you’re in business. That’s the value pitch for HP’s AppSystem product offerings for various database and software products I received from Martin Whittaker, Vice President of Systems and Solutions Engineering. And given the amount of time that I’ve invested and seen my coworkers invest into bringing various solutions online, there is an incredible amount of value to be had for deploying systems using purpose-built solutions. Five clicks.

Of course, this is all accomplished through the incredible amount of work that HP has done in investing in automation and these solutions are built on the expertise that they have gleaned from hundreds of thousands of implementations of these various software packages under their belt.

HP AppSystem products are single SKU product solutions that are vertically integrated hardware, storage, networking and software which is purpose-built for a specific application. Just as benchmark systems are carefully built to specifically perform well on the benchmarking tests, these solutions are purpose built to provide the best performance and improved time to value.

HP has released two new AppSystem offerings – AppSystem for Apache Hadoop and AppSystem for SAP HANA. Both of these new offerings are centered around the difficulties of storage and analytics of big data sets. Apache Hadoop is an implementation of Google’s MapReduce and Google File System papers that tackles the issue of storage for large data sets across multiple nodes and then allows them to be interpreted into usable information. The SAP HANA solution is about doing in-memory database analytics at near-realtime results of large data sets.

These new solutions joins an impressive set of specific use-case solutions for Microsoft SQL Server for consolidation of database servers and for data analysis, Microsoft Exchange messaging solutions, Microsoft Lync unified communication, and Vertica data analytics solutions. To learn more about AppSystems and the ideas behind all of them, check out this video from HP:

Disclosure: HP sponsored my trip to HP Discover, covering all travel expenses, however HP does not control the content of the posts that I write based on my attendance to the show. The thoughts, impressions and information contained in this post are my own.

June 5, 2012 0 comments

Datacenter Software

Microsoft SCCM 2012 puts structure around client software

by Philip Sellers May 24, 2012

written by Philip Sellers

Microsoft System Center Configuration Manager 2012 has blossomed into a fairly amazing product and I’ve spent my week in Microsoft Official training for how to administer the product. As the week wore on, I can’t help but think that this product looks an amazing amount like the cloud automation products I have seen that cater to the server-side of cloud computing. The product is used to deploy Windows OS installations, software and application distribution and then ultimately maintenance and remote support for the deployed clients.

Although Microsoft sells pricey server CALs for SCCM 2012, much of feature set is all about deploying client software and that’s really its sweet spot. SCCM 2012 really helps a company to put structure around the software applications it installs and supports on client PCs. As with cloud computing, it helps to establish a software catalog for the client machines (and for servers, though I see it as less useful there in its present implementation).

In addition to deploying down the software, there is a lot of though on how to maintain and patch the software once it’s deployed. With strong integration to WSUS, it can create groups and structure around deploying and reporting on the Windows Updates which have or have not been deployed, something WSUS does poorly today.

Starting life as System Management Server back in the early 90’s, the product has grown in complexity and features in the last two iterations. And with that growth, SCCM 2007 had grown to a beast with an unorganized management console. 2012 seeks to rethink that with a newly created management console and it finally sees the death of the MMC for the product.

Not only has the management console been rethought, but the application management has also been rethought and the age-old “packages” that have traditionally deployed software has been joined with a new “Applications” method for deploying products, including a client software to receive and let users choose what software they need to deploy from a menu or for software requiring approval, it automates the request and approval process. And, the Applications framework finally gives a well-though way to uninstall applications, where packages traditionally had not.

But application delivery is not the only capabilities of this product – it includes so much more – including inventory and asset management features and reporting, compliance and setting management, mobile device management and security (aka endpoint protection) management.

May 24, 2012 0 comments

Datacenter Storage Trends

Are certifications important to an IT career?

by Philip Sellers March 5, 2012

written by Philip Sellers

It has been a while since I’ve posted anything substantial on the blog. The past couple months have been an incredibly busy season for me. Week before last, I studied for and passed my VCP5 certification exam, updating my VMware certification to the latest revision just before the deadline for upgrading it without taking class.

I spent the last week working through classes to help 5 of my co-workers and myself meet the MCITP: Enterprise Desktop Administrator certification. During the course of the week, I tweeted out about my success in passing a required exam and I got a reply from the “most certified man” in the world, @IT_Certified_, asking “U think having certs is important to your career?” His question got me thinking.

Up until this month, my only certification was the VCP. I have had it for a few years and I have tried to keep it up to date with each iteration of the software. My department does not highly value certifications, and that probably worked to my benefit when being hired, since I did not have any. However, after taking the VMware Install & Configure class, I decided to try for my VCP during the version 3 exams. It took two goes, but I passed and got the certification. I wanted this certification as a personal goal. It was never required by my company.

So, why should people go for certifications?

In general, I think most certifications and exams are marketing heavy and centered around sales and sales engineering staff, not particularly towards the internal IT folks. I also think that most certifications are more useful to consultants and sales engineers than to internal IT staff. The reason – because these certifications represent knowledge and when a customer is shopping for a partner to enhance or recommend solutions, they want a knowledgeable person to guide them. That would be what I count as reason number one for certification – to represent your knowledge to a potential customer.

As an internal IT professional, you may only be exposed to certain feature sets or capabilities of a particular product or software within your environment. For instance, an internal IT department is standardized on Fibre Channel storage and may not use any iSCSI, so when testing for a product that includes both, an internal IT professional will be at a disadvantage with any iSCSI functionality on the test.

I believe that certifications are a major plus for all IT professionals during a job search – so reason number two. While a certification may open a doorway to a job or opportunity, I’m not always convinced that they prepare the person behind the certification can do the actual work required to execute the theory. But like a masters or doctorate degree, certifications are distinguishing factors among your peers to help set you apart. During a job interview, having a certification on your resume will distinguish you and it will show that you have worked hard and put in your time to achieve the designation. It also shows that you are not opposed to continuing your education to keep up a certification. And continuing eduction is incredibly important within the IT field which is ever-changing.

But, as I said earlier, I just sat for a week long class to help achieve an MCITP: Enterprise Desktop Administrator certification. It was at the direction of my management to do so. But if they don’t value certifications, then why? It’s simple and its my reason number three. Microsoft changed the rules in the past year for Gold Partners and raised the bar to include new requirements for certification. Reason number three is to meet vendor requirements. When your employer is a partner with other IT vendors, often it comes with certain requirements for the staff. And this was my employer’s primary motivator, this time.

I like certifications and training for my own personal development. As Sir Francis Bacon said, “Knowledge is power.” As IT people, we must always keep learning.

And, as always, these are my personal views and opinions and not that of my employer.

March 5, 2012 0 comments

Datacenter PowerCLI Storage Virtualization

VMware PowerCLI rocks

by Philip Sellers March 23, 2011

written by Philip Sellers

Its pretty easy to see where I stand on PowerCLI from the headline on this entry. Disclaimer, I haven’t used it extensively, but I can already see the why VMware has chosen to embrace PowerCLI for scripting. These are some of my initial thoughts after some light usage — in short, I think PowerCLI is extremely powerful.

Up until January, we had scripted everything for VMware in VI-Perl. I don’t begin to call myself a Perl programmer, but I can crawl in and modify a canned Perl script and I am able to make it do what I want. That said, it was always a pain to do it.

For our VMware environment, we have monitoring scripts that report low disk space for our guests, a daily snapshot report and what VM’s have been provisioned or deleted from the system. All of these were things I had to find scripts that had already been written in VI-Perl, and so we relegated scripting to simply monitoring in our environment. After we added the VMware Management Appliance to our network, we used it occasionally for Storage VMotion in the ESX 3.5 days, before it was added to the GUI.

With PowerCLI, however, we have moved into doing more actual configuration and changes — real work — using it. Because PowerShell support piping the objects between commands, we have quickly realized gains in efficiency by retrieving a list of targets and issuing a command against the group. Some things we have done manually in the past make much more sense in PowerShell. Performing a VMotion or Storage VMotion is a good example of this. Storage VMotion involves a number of steps (click, click, click, click, click) to perform in the GUI. In Powershell, its a simple, one-line and easy to understand command.

PowerCLI is much more user friendly to me than writing Perl. Soon, I plan on rewriting my management scripts using PowerCLI. There are some security related things I must figure out (haven’t even looked into them yet) – like signing PowerShell scripts with a certificate, which will be required for executing scripts on a schedule. (In our environment, we plan on making all of our PowerShell instances run in remote-signed execution policy to maintain security.

March 23, 2011 3 comments

Apple Cloud Home Tech

IP to the TV: a random collection of thoughts

by Philip Sellers August 11, 2010

written by Philip Sellers

Its a very interesting time for the ole’ television. For the majority of my life, and probably the lives of many older than me, TV has not changed much. Sure, there was that big transition from black and white to color, but since then, TV has been largely the same. In recent years, a big push of innovation has been directed towards the TV marketplace. The advent of plasma and LCD has brought about flat panel TV’s, high definition clarity and broadcast, the decommission of analog signal, the introduction of LED for “green” sets, and now the push for IP delivery for shows and movies.

August 11, 2010 1 comment